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Tribal History Part 2
More history about the Chippewa Indians
The Delaware Indians, also called the Lenape, originally lived along the Delaware River in New Jersey. They speak a form of the Algonquian language and are thus related to the Miami Indians, Ottawa Indians, and Shawnee Indians. The Delawares are called "Grandfathers" by the other Algonquian tribes because of their belief that the Delawares were among the oldest groups in the Algonquian nation.
As British colonists immigrated to North America, the Delawares fled
westward away from the land-hungry Europeans. While trying to escape
the British colonists, the Delawares encountered the Iroquois Indians,
who struggled with the Delawares and drove them further west. Some
Delaware Indians came to live in eastern Ohio along the Muskingum
River, while others resided in northwestern Ohio along the Auglaize
River. Once in Ohio, the Delawares grew into a powerful tribe that
often resisted the further advances of the Iroquois.
Before the middle of the 16th century the Creek controlled almost all of Georgia. At that time the Cherokee began to pressure them to move inland. A "tremendous battle" occurred at Slaughter Gap in Lumpkin County in the late 1600's. After this battle the Creek retreated to a line roughly south of the Etowah River. A later battle in Cherokee County forced the Creek south to the Chattahoochee and Flint (Thronateeskee) Rivers and west to the Coosa(mostly in Alabama), hence the terms Upper Creek and Lower Creek became common references to the now separate tribes.
When they first became known to the whites, the Foxes lived in the vicinity of Lake Winnebago or along Fox river, Wis. Verwyst (Missionary Labors, 178, 1886) says they were on Wolf river when Allouez visited them in 1670. As the tribe was intimately related to the Sauk, and the two were probably branches of one original stem, it is probable that the early migrations of the former corresponded somewhat closely with those of the latter. The Sauk came to Wisconsin through the lower Michigan peninsula, their traditional home having been north of the lakes, and were comparatively newcomers in Wisconsin when they first became known to the French. One of their important villages was for some time on Fox river.
In 1667 the French priest Allouez met a party of Illinois Indians who had come to La Pointe on Lake Superior to trade. In 1673 Marquette, while descending the Mississippi, found the Peoria and Moingwena west of the river near the mouth of the Des Moines, but before his return they had moved to the neighborhood of the present Peoria, and most of the other Illinois tribes, except the Mitchigamea, were then on Illinois River. In 1700 the Kaskaskia moved to southern Illinois and settled on Kaskaskia River. About the time of La Salle's visit in 1682 the Illinois were at war with a number of neighboring peoples, and the Iroquois, who were then just beginning raids against them, caused them heavy losses in the succeeding years.
Directory of North American Indian Portal Websites
First Nations Seeker - Indian Tribes - Native Americans
Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter
A little background information about Mary Colter and her connection to Native American architecture...
As a child Mary Colter
traveled with her family through frontier Minnesota, Colorado and Texas in the
years after the American Civil War. After her father died in 1886 Colter
attended the California School of Design in San Francisco. In 1901, the Fred
Harvey Company (of the famous Harvey Houses) offered her the job of decorating
the Alvarado Hotel in Albuquerque. Colter began working full-time for the
company in 1910, moving from interior designer to architect.
For the next thirty
years, working as one of few female architects and in rugged conditions, Colter
completed 21 projects for Fred Harvey. She created a series of landmark hotels
and commercial lodges through the southwest, including the La Posada,
the 1922 Phantom Ranch buildings at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, and
five structures on the south rim of the Grand Canyon: the Hopi House (1905), Hermit's
Rest (1914), the observatory Lookout Studio (1914), the 70-foot Desert
View Watchtower (1932) with its hidden steel structure, and the Bright
Angel Lodge (1935.
Desert View Watchtower
(1932) Grand Canyon National Park South Rim
A chain-smoking
perfectionist, she cared about back-story and attractive features. Colter
conceived Hermit's Rest as a sort of folly, as if it had been wired
together by a reclusive mountain man, and a recent cleaning has unfortunately
eliminated the artificial age-effects from the Hopi House. The Watchtower
is the product of some travel and research, and she cared enough to prepare a
written manual for guides. And she changed the name of Phantom Ranch
(from Roosevelt Ranch) to capitalize on better mental images
The Bright Angel
became a de facto model for subsequent National Park Service and CCC structures
in the following years, influencing the look and feel of an entire
architectural genre some call National Park Service Rustic, and setting the
precedent for using site materials and bold, large-scale design elements (the
use of native fieldstone and rough-hewn wood at the bottom of the Grand Canyon
was deemed the only practical thing to do). The Bright Angel Lodge also
has a remarkable "geological fireplace" in the lodge's History Room,
with rocks arranged floor to ceiling in the same order as the geologic strata
in the canyon walls.
Hopi House (1905)
Colter's masterwork was
probably the 1923 El Navajo in Gallup, New Mexico. Remarkable for its
forward-looking blend of modern and native architecture and the incorporation
of Navajo sand paintings, the hotel was razed shortly before Colter's death. Of
all of her work, though, Colter considered the sprawling, hacienda-style La
Posada Hotel (1929) in Winslow, Arizona, and her masterpiece. She designed the
entire resort from the building to its gardens, furniture, and china--even the
maids' uniforms. The Santa Fe railroad closed the hotel in 1957 and turned it
into a drab 1960s office building. Fortunately, the hotel has recently been
restored to its original grandeur (www.laposada.org).
Late in her career
Colter designed the exuberant station cafe and a surprisingly sleek, modern
cocktail lounge at Union Station in Los Angeles, now padlocked except for
occasional movie shoots and LA Conservancy tours. Colter retired to Santa Fe,
New Mexico in 1948 and donated her collection of artifacts to Mesa Verde
National Park.
Is Gambling a Recession Resistant Industry
The gambling industry was once considered recession proof. But we’re in the midst of the deepest recession most of us have ever experienced.
Even Northwest casino operators and state lottery managers have seen their luck change. Correspondent Tom Banse reports.
It doesn’t look like we’re in a deep recession
at the Chinook Winds tribal casino on the Oregon Coast. On a pleasant
Friday afternoon, parking spaces are scarce outside. And inside, the
large gaming floor is bustling. One casino visitor from
Portland who gave her name only as Lee surmises some patrons must be
trying to turn unemployment checks into full time pay. Lee: “It
may be that thing where people are taking their last bucks and hoping
they’ll get lucky. You know, how psychologically even though you
shouldn’t, you do because you’re hoping for a change of luck, so it
could be that.” Another gambler, Steve Graham, of Mt. Vernon,
Washington says crowds may still come. But he doubts the house is
making out like it used to. more info here...Is Gambling A Recession-Resistant Industry?
Native American Art Shows Around the US
IACA American Indian Art Market
20th Annual Texas Indian Market and Southwest Showcase
Clark County Museum Native American Arts Festival
IACA Spring Wholesale Market
Ft. McDowell Yavapai Native American Fine Arts Show